rec.models.rockets FAQ Part 00 - Introduction and TOC

[r***@n2netmail.com]

Archive-name: model-rockets/intro
Rec-models-rockets-archive-name: rockets-faq/part00-intro
Posting-Frequency: weekly
Last-modified: 2002 May 29
URL: http://www.ninfinger.org/~sven/rockets/rmrfaq.toc.html

INTRODUCTION TO REC.MODELS.ROCKETS AND THIS FAQ

Rec.models.rockets (r.m.r) is a Usenet newsgroup created for discussions
and topics
related to model and high-power rocketry. The purpose of this newsgroup
is for the
exchange of information between anyone wanting to build, fly, or use
model rockets or
high power rockets. These are viable alternatives to amateur
rocketry. The term "model
rocket" is defined based on non-metalic structural components, weight,
propellant and
total impulse restrictions, electrical ignition, recovery devices, and
factory-made, solid
propellant engines. The term "High power rocket" refers to any rocket
using model rocket
technology (as described above) except without the weight, propellant,
and total impulse
restrictions of model rocketry. Amateur rocketry, pyrotechnics, rocket
motor-making, and
"EX" rocketry are related topics that fall outside of the scope of this
newsgroup.

This FAQ (list of Frequently Asked Questions) is an attempt to compile a
number of questions
and suggestions that have been repeatedly posted to r.m.r into a single,
quickly readable document.
This document was NOT meant to be a 'how to' on any form of
non-professional rocketry It's hoped
that it might be of use in answering some of the more commonly asked
questions, summarizing some
good tips and suggestions, and directing the reader to other documents,
books, sources, etc., where
more information may be found. The FAQ has evolved into something
monstrous (and very informative).
For this reason, only this introduction and the first three sections of
the FAQ will be posted biweekly.
The entire FAQ will make its appearance on r.m.r. monthly.

This FAQ is organized as a list of primary topics (see the Table of
Contents below) with a number of
questions and answers under each. The majority of this document deals
with, but is not limited to,
consumer rocketry in the United States and Canada.

This entire FAQ is available on the web.

HTML version of the entire FAQ:
http://www.ninfinger.org/~sven/rockets/rmrfaq.toc.html

Most recently posted version of the FAQ:
http://www.faqs.org/

--------------------------------------
COPYRIGHT NOTICE

This entire 14 part FAQ is copyright (c) 1996 - 2002 Wolfram von
Kiparski, editor.
Portions of this FAQ may also have additional copyrights. Everyone is
permitted
to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this FAQ, provided that you
conspicuously
and appropriately include on each copy an appropriate copyright notice,
including those
portions of the FAQ that have additional copyright notices. Changing,
editing, or otherwise
modifying this FAQ by any means, manual or mechanical, for
redistribution is not allowed
without written permission from the editor of this FAQ. Distribution of
this FAQ for profit,
promotional, inclusion as "content" on an ecommerce website, or other
commercial use is not
allowed without written permission from the editor of this FAQ.
--------------------------------------
POSTING FREQUENCY

The entire FAQ is posted to rec.models.rockets every month. A shorter
version comprised of
this Introduction and Sections #1, #2, and #3 are posted every two weeks
or so.

--------------------------------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This document was originally compiled (with help from many others) by
Buzz McDermott
and Jack Hagerty. This document is now maintained and edited by Wolfram
v.Kiparski with help
from others. This FAQ would not be possible without the constant flow
of tips, suggestions,
and sound advice from the readership of rec.models.rockets. Comments,
corrections and suggestions
for additions are welcomed and encouraged.
Please send your suggestions to:

Wolfram v.Kiparski ***@n2netmail.com

or send them to the editor of the portion of the FAQ for which you have
a comment. The FAQ editors are:

Part 01: Wolfram v.Kiparski (***@n2netmail.com)
Part 02: Wolfram v.Kiparski
Part 03: Wolfram v.Kiparski
Part 04: Wolfram v.Kiparski
Part 05: Wolfram v.Kiparski
Part 06: Wolfram v.Kiparski
Part 07: Wolfram v.Kiparski
Part 08: Bob Kaplow (***@hccompare.com)
Part 09: Andy Eng (***@houston.rr.com)
Part 10: Wolfram v.Kiparski
Part 11: Wolfram v.Kiparski
Part 12: Wolfram v.Kiparski
Part 13: Canada: editor needed
Australia: editor needed
United Kingdom: Darren J Longhorn (***@yahoo.com)
New Zealand: editor needed
Germany: Oliver Missbach (***@web.de)
Italy: Luca Benassi
Part 14: Wolfram von Kiparski
-------------------------------------------

***** PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING *****

Many of the tips and suggestions included in this FAQ include references to
particular companies and/or products. Opinions expressed are those of the
submitters. Several submitters have asked that readers do not request
the company names and addresses from them. PLEASE refer to Part 2 of the
FAQ or a recent issue of one of the rocketry magazines. Check this FAQ
first.

-----------------------------------------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
REC.MODELS.ROCKETS FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS


###PART 01: GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1 What, exactly, is a 'model rocket' versus a 'high power' rocket? Where do
liquid fueled and homemade rocket motors fit in? What about amateur
rockets?
1.2 NFPA, FAA, DOT, ... Who are all these organizations and how do they
affect the rocketry hobby?
1.3 What is the current legal status of model and high power rocketry in
the U.S.?
1.4 I would like to get into Large Model Rockets. What are my options?
Who has NAR certified E, F and G motors today?
1.5 Is the proper term rocket 'engine' or rocket 'motor'?
1.6 What do the letters and numbers on a model rocket motor mean?
1.7 What is a CATO? Is it CATO pronounced KAY-TO or CAT-O?
1.8 When a consumer rocket motor fails (i.e., CATOs) does it explode or
detonate?
1.9 Why don't I just make my own model rocket motors? Shouldn't I be able
to custom-make better, more powerful motors at a cheaper price?


### PART 02: NAMES AND ADDRESSES

2.1 National rocketry organizations
2.2 Rocketry manufacturers and suppliers
2.2.1 Model and High Power Rocket Manufacturers
kits/motors/supplies/etc.
2.2.2 Electronics/Recovery Systems/Other Rocketry Components and
Supplies
2.2.3 Miscellaneous suppliers of raw materials, supplies, and equipment
2.2.4 Mail Order Vendors
2.2.5 Sources for Out-of-Production Model Rocket Kits
2.2.6 Books/Videos/Computer Software/Technical References
2.2.7 International (outside U.S.A.) rocketry sources
2.3 Rocketry books
2.4 Rocketry magazines


### PART 03: ROCKETRY ON THE INTERNET

3.1 How do I get to the r.m.r archive site?
3.2 What is available from the r.m.r archive?
3.3 How do I upload files to the r.m.r. archive?
3.4 I have read-only access to r.m.r. Is there any way I can still post
articles to the newsgroup?
3.5 What are some neat rocketry web pages to check out?


### PART 04: BORN-AGAIN ROCKETEERS

4.1 What the heck is a BAR, 'Born Again Rocketeer'?
4.2 I have been out of model rockets for many (i.e. <nn>+) years now.
What been happening in the hobby over the past couple of decades?
What's new? What's gone?
4.2.1 Who's Left, Who's Not & Who's New
4.2.2 Changes in Motor Technology
4.2.3 Competition
4.2.4 High Power Rocketry
4.2.5 Electronics Advancements
4.2.6 Regulations, Regulations, Regulations
4.3 Are my old rocket kits worth anything today?
4.4 Where can I find plans of old kits?


### PART 05: MODEL ROCKETRY

5.1 Can I legally fly model rockets in my state? What are the restrictions?
5.2 When do I need to notify the FAA before flying a large model rocket?
5.3 I have a son/daughter that is (less than 9) years old. Is this too
young for model rocketry? If not, are there any tips for helping to
keep their interest in the hobby?
5.4 Is there any way I can buy model rocket kits, parts and engines at less
than full retail?
5.5 I've had a large number of motors CATO recently. The engines are only
about 2 years old. I've had them stored in my
(attic/garage/basement).
5.6 Is it safe to use my old rocket engines from <nn> years ago?
5.7 What's a good way to find other rocket enthusiasts in my area? How can
I found out about local rocket clubs?
5.8 Are the Aerotech composite motors the same size as Estes/MRC/Quest
motors?
5.9 Can I use Aerotech or other composite motors in my Estes rockets?
5.10 Will my Estes launch system work with Aerotech composite motors?
5.11 Can I use Aerotech composite motors as boosters in my multi-stage
rockets?
5.12 How can I tell the age of my Estes motors?
5.13 Are reloadable model rocket motors shippable the same as disposable
model rocket motors?
5.14 My flying field is so small I keep losing my rockets. What can I do?
5.15 Are Jetex engines still available? Where can I get them?
5.16 BT-20, BT-50, BT-55. What the heck do the numbers mean on Estes body
tubes? Is their any special meaning in these numbers?
5.17 I've seen mention of all kinds of rocket motor types and sizes. Could
you give a brief history and summary of the main marketing names for
model rocket motors?
5.18 Why don't I just make my own model rocket motors? Shouldn't I be able
to custom-make better, more powerful motors at a cheaper price?


### PART 06: ROCKET CONSTRUCTION AND FINISHING TIPS

6.1 Cutting, Sealing, Attaching Fins
6.2 Body Tubes (Cutting, Joining, Filling)
6.3 I'm fed up with tangled plastic parachutes with broken shroud lines. How
can I improve on the standard chutes, or make my own?
6.4 Alternatives to Recovery Wadding
6.5 Are there any good tips when making my own nose cones?
6.6 Getting Paint to Stick to LOC and Aerotech Nose Cones
6.7 Is it possible to get a high gloss, durable finish on a model rocket?
6.8 Are there any good paints for silver details on scale models?
6.9 How can I prevent a rocket painted white from yellowing?
6.10 Which is better, white or yellow glue? Epoxy? Cyano?
6.11 Improving on the Estes Shock Cord Mount
6.12 I've built several BT-80 based models. How can I strengthen future
models to take larger motors, such as Aerotech 24mm or 29mm reloads?
6.13 How can I prevent balsa fins from breaking off on landing (especially
for models with swept fins)?
6.14 I just lost my favorite rocket and the kit is discontinued. How can I
make another one just like it?
6.15 How can I reduce damage to the booster stage of two stage models caused
by the engine exhaust of the second stage?
6.16 Is there a way to increase the stability of nearly finless models?
6.17 How can I build a rocket with less wind resistance?


### PART 07: SCALE MODELING

7.1 I would like to make a scale model of the <??> rocket. Where do I
start looking for technical data, dimensions, flight substantiation
data, etc.?
7.2 What are some specific sources for general scale data?
7.3 I've never built any scale models. Are there any recommended kits for
first timers?
7.4 What other scale/sport scale kits are available? I'd like to build
another kit or two before tackling a scratch scale project.
7.5 O.K., I've done all my research, collected all the data I can.
I've even built a couple of scale kits a a warm up. Now I'm ready
to build a model I can be proud of. How do I...?
7.6 What tools do I need?
7.7 Where can I get more information on modeling techniques?
7.8 Got any tips for generating scale plans from original dimensions?


### PART 08: BOOST GLIDERS AND ROCKET GLIDERS

8.1 R/C Rocket Gliders
8.1.1 Have there been any construction reviews of R/C rocket gliders?
8.1.2 I'm building the 'XXX' R/C Rocket Glider and it uses foam core
wings.
Are there any things I should know about working with foam?
8.1.3 Any tips for sheeting the wings on my Aerotech Phoenix?
8.1.4 How about help with my Estes Astroblaster wings?
8.1.5 How do you repair damaged foam wings?
8.1.6 Some more uses of foam in rocketry...
8.1.7 I need to cut the piano wire control rods. Bolt cutters don't work
well, as the metal is too hard. Any ideas?
8.2 Free Flight Boost and Rocket Gliders
8.2.1 What is the difference between a Boost/Glider and a Rocket/Glider?
8.2.2 What are some types of gliders?
8.2.3 What are all these funny names I see referenced?
8.2.4 I'm just starting. What kits or plans are available?
8.2.5 Why do most gliders have the rudder under the fuselage?
8.2.6 These things are very different from what I've built before.
Are there any tips for building them?
8.2.7 Should I paint my glider?
8.2.8 Can I convert a hand launched glider (HLG) to rocket power?
8.2.8.1 How do I attach a pop pod to a glider?
8.2.9 I'd like to design my own glider. How do I know if it will work?
How do I compute the CP for a glider?
8.2.10 What motor should I use to fly my glider?
8.2.11 This thing looks weird sitting on the pad.
How do I launch a glider?
8.2.12 My glider looped and crashed into the ground. What is wrong?
8.2.13 My glider shredded. What is wrong?
8.2.14 The pod stuck on my boost/glider and the thing crashed. What is
wrong?
8.2.15 My glider glides like the space shuttle (or worse). What is wrong?
8.2.16 My glider never came down and flew away. What is wrong?
8.2.17 Glossary: (with thanks to ***@aol.com)
8.2.18 References: (kits, books, publications, catalogs)

### PART 09: COMPETITION AND RECORDS

9.0 Introduction
9.1 Are there any manufacturers making kits specifically designed for
competition?
9.2 What are the major categories of competition model rocketry?
9.3 What are some good events to try when first getting into
competition? Any
'sage' advice?
9.4 Specifics
9.4.a. Getting Jump Started
9.4.b. What is a 'piston' launcher? Does it really help?
9.4.c Wire Loops
9.4.d Pop Lugs - A CMR pop lug described
9.4.e Flying Naked
9.4.f Regarding Streamers
9.4.f.1 Streamers Part 1
9.4.f.2 Streamers Part 2
9.4.f.3 Streamers Part 3
9.4.f.4 Streamers Part 4
9.4.g Super Roc Duration
9.4.h Flex Wings
9.4.i.1 Tracking Powder Part 1
9.4.i.2 Tracking Powder Part 2 (How to Pack It)
9.4.j Packing Large Chutes
9.4.k Tandems
9.4.l Helicopter design
9.4.m Optimal Thrust
9.5 Aside from hanging around 'old timers', how can I learn more about
competition
strategies and techniques without re-inventing the wheel many times
over?
9.6 Tripoli Altitude Records
9.7 NAR Competition Records
9.8 Some Unofficial High Power Altitude Attempts
9.9 Biggest Non-metallic Rocket Flights
9.10 Other Non-professional Flights of Note
9.11 Some other highest verified altitudes
9.12 The Best of the BMWQF
9.13 Do's and Don'ts


### PART 10: HIGH POWER ROCKETRY

10.1 I'm a successful model rocketeer. What do I need to get into HPR?
10.2 What are the major differences between model and high power rockets,
besides size and engines? Are they built differently?
10.3 How do I get high power certified?
10.4 What is a 'reloadable' motor. Are they worth the price? Are they
legal?
10.5 What are these different 'types' of composite motors I hear about (White
Lightning, Black Jack, Smokey Sam, etc.)?
10.6 What's an FAA waiver? Which rocket flights require one?
This section includes the relevant parts of FAR 101.
10.7 OK. I want to fly some high power rockets. How do I get an FAA waiver?
10.8 Is high power rocketry legal in every state, if the proper forms are
obtained?
10.9 Where do I find out the proper way to use HPR rockets and motors? I'm
familiar with the NAR Model Rocketry Sporting Code. Is there
an HPR
equivalent?
10.10 What are some good kits to build when first getting into high power
rocketry (assuming I have all of the basic model rocketry skills)?
10.11 When is a Federal Low Explosives Permit required?
10.12 How do I get an LEUP? Are there any requirements?
10.13 How is thermalite affected by the ATF regulatory enforcement?
10.14 How can I get the Orange Book (explaining the ATF explosive laws
and regulations) and the proper LEUP forms?
10.15 Just what is a 'hybrid' rocket motor? Who makes them?


### PART 11: HIGH POWER CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

11.1 Do you have any tips for cutting and sealing fins used on HPR rockets?
11.2 How do you keep in a high power motor in its mount, but still allow
for the numerous lengths in which HPR motors are sold?
11.3 Custom Decals for High Power Rockets
11.4 I've had several rocket body tubes ruined by the shock cord tearing
into the body tube at ejection and making long slits. How can I
prevent this?
11.5 Estes 'toilet paper' recovery wadding strikes me as a bit wrong for HPR
rockets. What are some alternatives?
11.6 What are the differences between the various HPR body tube materials
used by the 'major' HPR manufacturers?
11.7 How can I strengthen my thick paper (i.e., LOC type) body tubes?
11.8 Is there any way to retrofit my existing rockets to have some type of
positive retention system?
11.9 All these high power motors are different sizes. How do I hold
them in? What do I use for a motor block and where should I put it?


### PART 12: IGNITION AND LAUNCH SYSTEM TIPS

12.1 Copperhead, squib, electric match, thermalite, flash bulb. What are
all these types of igniters, how much current do they require, and
when are they used?
12.2 How do those 'Copperhead' igniters work? They only have one wire?
12.3 I've heard that Copperhead igniters are 'unreliable' for igniting HPR
motors. Is that true?
12.4 Do you have any specific suggestions or tips for an ignition power
sources? Can I use my old Estes ignition system with composite models?
12.5 WARNING: Be very careful using any ignition system with 'flashbulb' or
electric match type igniters.
12.6 The ignition of rockets by other than electrical means is banned by both
the NAR and Tripoli safety codes and should not be used.
12.7 What is thermalite fuse and how is it involved in igniting rocket
motors?
12.8 How do you ignite second stage composite motors? Can I use a black
powder booster for the first stage to ignite the second (as I do
with multi-state A-D rockets)?
12.9 What is 'flash in the pan' ignition and for what is it useful in
rocketry?
12.10 I would like to perfect a method for reliable ignition of clustered
multi-
stage rockets. Any suggestions or tips?
12.11 How do I cluster rocket motors? When igniting a cluster of rocket
motors, should the igniters be wired in parallel or in series? Why?
12.12 I am new to rocketry. I was wondering whether anyone has tried
using waterproof wicks instead of igniters to ignite a rocket engine.
12.13 The alligator clips on my launch system have worn out. What should I
use to replace them?
12.14 Other Ignition Tips:


### PART 13: INTERNATIONAL ROCKETRY

13.1 Rocketry in Australia
13.1.1 What rules apply to model rocketry in Australia?
13.1.2 What are good sources of model rocketry kits/wg's/parts, etc.?
13.1.3 Are there any regular rocket contests, launches, clubs, etc.?
13.1.4 Info on amateur groups/activities (such as AusRoc) in the
Australia.

13.2 Rocketry in Canada
13.2.1 Are there any national organizations to which I can join in Canada?
What services do they offer?
13.2.2 What kinds of rockets (model and/or high power) are legal to fly in
Canada?
13.2.3 Are there any High Power launches at all in Canada?
13.2.4 What kinds of rocket motors are available for purchase in Canada?
13.2.5 Are there any Canadian mail order houses where I can purchase model
rocket kits, motors and supplies?

13.3 Rocketry in the United Kingdom
13.3.1 Is model rocketry legal in the UK?
13.3.2 What size model rockets can be flown?
13.3.3 What model rockets are available?
13.3.4 What types of engines are available?
13.3.5 Where can I buy model rockets?
13.3.6 Are there any events/competitions?
13.3.7 Are there any clubs?
13.3.8 What are addresses of some of the shops that carry model rocketry?
13.3.9 What are some of the rocket clubs in the U.K., and do they have any
problems getting permission to fly their rockets?

13.4 Rocketry in South Africa

13.5 Rocketry in New Zealand

13.6 Rocketry in Germany
13.6.1 German Explosives Law
13.6.2 German Aviation Regulations
13.6.3 What Rockets and Motors can I buy and use in Germany?
13.6.4 Clustering and Staging
13.6.5 Can I make my own rocket motors?
13.6.6 Can I use rocket motors made for display fireworks?
13.6.7 Importing Rockets, Parts and Motors
13.6.8 Where can I launch my Rockets?
13.6.9 Where can I launch rockets with bigger motors?
13.6.10 What Insurance do I need?
13.6.11 Addresses of Rocketry-related Clubs


### PART 14: AMATEUR ROCKETRY

14.1 DISCLAIMER
14.2 How do I make my own rocket motors?
14.3 My primary interest is in amateur rocketry.
Where can I find information about amateur rocketry?
14.4 Amateur rocketry on the Internet
14.5 Manufacturers, suppliers, publishers, and consultants

[Wolfram v.Kiparski]

Archive-name: model-rockets/general
Rec-models-rockets-archive-name: rockets-faq/part01
Posting-Frequency: weekly
Last-modified: 1998 November 16
URL: http://www.ninfinger.org/~sven/rockets/rmrfaq.toc.html

Rec.Models.Rockets FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions): PART 1 OF 14

GENERAL INFORMATION

This portion of the r.m.r FAQ is maintained by Buzz McDermott, at
***@ix.netcom.com. Comments, criticisms, suggestions and corrections
for this section should be sent to that email address.


1.1 What, exactly, is a 'model rocket' versus a 'high power' rocket? Where do
liquid fueled and homemade rocket motors fit in? What about amateur
rockets?

'Model', 'high power', 'advanced', and 'amateur' are all terms which have
many definitions, depending to whom you are speaking. In r.m.r., and in the
FAQ documents, the definitions (if any) accepted by the NFPA, National
Association of Rocketry, and Tripoli High Power Rocketry Association are
used. If these definitions conflict the NAR definition is used.

'Model rockets' are rockets that conform to the guidelines and restrictions
defined in the NFPA 1122 document. These rockets weigh less than 1500
grams, contain less than 125 grams of total fuel, have no motor with
more than 62.5 grams of fuel or more than 160 NS of total impulse, use
only pre-manufactured, solid propellant motors, and do not use metal
body tubes, nose cones or fins. One inconsistency with this is the
CPSC definition of a model rocket motor, which by their definition must
contain no more than 80NS total impulse. NFPA document 1127-94 contains
the most complete definition of a model rocket and the model rocket safety
code. This is the same safety code as adopted by the NAR.

'Large Model Rockets' is a term used in the FAA FAR 101 regulations. It
refers to NAR/NFPA model rockets that are between 454 and 1500 grams
(1 to 3.3 pounds) total liftoff weight or contains more than 113 grams
but less than 125 grams of total fuel.

'High power rockets' are rockets that exceed the total weight, total
propellant or single motor total impulse restrictions of model rockets,
but otherwise conform to the same guidelines for construction materials
and pre-manufactured, commericially made rocket motors. High power rockets
also allow the use of metal structural components where such a material
is necessary to insure structural integrity of the rocket. High power
rockets have no total weight limits, but do have a single motor limit of
no more than O power (40,960NS maximum total impulse) and have a total
power limitation of 81,920NS total impulse. NFPA document 1127-1985 contains
the most complete definition of a high power rocket and also the high power
rocketry safety code. This safety code has been adopted by both the NAR
and TRA. Metal bodied rockets are allowed by NFPA 1127 where metal is
required to insure structural integrity of the rocket over all of its
anticipated flight.

'Amateur' rockets covers all other non-professional rockets that do not
meet the criteria for model or high power rockets. This includes metal
bodied rockets, liquid or hybrid fueled rockets, and rockets with any
type of homemade rocket motor.

'Experimental' rockets is an ambiguous term. In the early 1980's it
was used (reportedly coined by the magazine 'California Rocketry') to
describe rockets that exceeded the model rocket limit at that time (1
pound total liftoff weight and no motor above F power). More recently,
it has been used by the Tripoli Rocketry Association to describe the
class of rockets that use pre-manufactured solid or hybrid rocket
motors but that do not qualify as high power rockets. This includes
metal bodied rockets and those with more than 80,000NS of total
power.

'HPR-lite' is not any type of 'official' rocket designation but has been
used to refer to rockets that exceed the old NFPA model rocket limit of
1 pound but still qualify as NFPA model rocket under current guidelines.
These rockets typically use E through G power and are built with much
the same techniques as high power rockets. This term originated in the
internet 'rec.models.rockets' newsgroup. It should be noted that this
term refers to legal model rockets, not any type of high power rocket,
and might therefore be misleading to many. The term 'Large Model Rocket'
should be used instead.

Another term that has no formal definition but is more and more being
used in the literature is 'hobby rocketry'. This term includes both
model and high power rockets, but excludes amateur rockets. The
term 'consumer rocketry' has also been used, and means the same thing.

The term 'non-professional rocketry' encompasses all forms of model,
high power and amateur rocketry.

Finally, the editor of this document wishes to get on his soapbox for
just one moment and add the term 'stupid rocketry' to cover all those
who attempt to casually produce their own rocket fuel and/or motors
without the benefit of very serious study, and implementation, of the
processes involved and safety measures required. Especially note
that this comment is NOT aimed at serious amateur rocketry
organizations, college level research, etc. End of soapbox.
-------------------------------------------------
1.2 NFPA, FAA, DOT, ... Who are all these organizations and how do they
affect the rocketry hobby?

DOT (Dept. of Transportation) regulates shipping of rocket motors and
reloads.
CPSC (Consumer Products Safety Commission) regulates what may and not
be sold as a 'consumer' items at the retail level.
FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) is responsible for airspace
control and regulates flights of rockets that exceed 1 pound and
enter FAA regulated airspace.
NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) makes recommendations for
use of non-professional rocket motors. Although the NFPA only
makes recommendations, most state and local laws concerning the
use of model rockets are based, at least in part, on NFPA
recommendations; especially NFPA 1122. The NFPA also has a draft
definition and safety code for High Power rockets, NFPA 1127.
BATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms) has responsibility for
regulations concerning storage and use of explosives. This agency
has taken a recent interest in looking into how high power rocket
motors are stored and used.
ATC (Air Traffic Control) You must notify the nearest FAA ATC center
prior to flying Large Model Rockets or High Power Rockets.
-------------------------------------------------
1.3 What is the current legal status of model and high power rocketry in the
U.S.?

A. FAA Regulations:
* Rockets containing less than 113 grams of total fuel and weigh
less and one (1) pound do not require any type of FAA notification
and are not restricted by the FAA except where they pose a threat
to aircraft.
* FAA "large model rockets" (see the definition in #1, above)
require that the nearest Air Traffic Control center (ATC) be
notified of the launch between 24 and 48 hours prior to the
launch. This is notification and not permission. In the U.S., try
calling 1-800-WX-BRIEF to get the number of the ATC center nearest
you.
* FAA High power rockets (weighing more than 3.3 pounds, containing
HPR motors, or containing a total of more than 125 grams of
fuel) require a formal waiver be approved by the FAA and activated
prior to the launch. Refer to the full r.m.r FAQ (dated 1 Oct 94
or later) for more complete details.
* NOTE THAT THE FAA DOES NOT PLACE ANY RESTRICTIONS ON FUEL-PER-
MOTOR OTHER THAN THE TOTAL LIMIT OF FUEL. HOWEVER, MOTORS WITH
MORE THAN 62.5 GRAMS OF FUEL ARE HIGH POWER ROCKET MOTORS AND
REQUIRE HIGH POWER CERTIFICATION TO FLY. This does allow HPR
certified flyers to conduct low-end HPR launches (with up to about
240NS composite motors) without having to obtain a waiver.
* Remember that HPR waivers, ATC notification and high power
certification are all separate issues and must all be properly
followed.
B. CPSC Regulations/Restrictions:
* G class model rocket motors (80.01-160.00NS total impulse) have been
classified as high power by the CPSC. They are considered model
rocket motors by the NFPA. These motors are now restricted for sale
to buyers 18 years of age or older. This includes the sale of G
reloadable motors.
C. DOT Shipping Restrictions:
* Most single use rockets motors with less than 62.5 grams of
propellant are now classified as UN 1.4s and can be shipped via
UPS (with a HAZMAT fee) or regular parcel post.
* Most reloadable rocket motor fuel grains weighing less than 62.5
grams each are now classified as 'flammable solids' and may be
shipped via UPS (with HAZMAT fee) or regular parcel post.
* The UPS HAZMAT fee is now $10
* Any single use rocket motor containing more than 62.5 grams of fuel,
and any reloadable motor fuel grain weighing more than 62.5 grams
are classified as UN 1.3c, or Class B, explosives. These motors and
reload grains may be shipped ONLY via Federal Express to certain
designated shipping points.
* Aerotech has announced it has received an exemption for single use
motors up to K class and reload grains for at least L, and possibly
M class motors, which allow these motors and reload grains to be
shipped UPS ground in the same manner as motors containing less
than 62.5 grams of propellant. Aerotech says these are now shippable
as class 4.1 flammable solids.
D. BATF Restrictions:
* Any rocket motor or reloadable fuel grain containing more than 62.5
grams of propellant is now classified by the ATF as a Class B Low
Explosive. This includes Aerotech reloads from J power and up.
* You must have a federal Low Explosives Users Permit (LEUP) to
legally purchase Class B rocket motors, reloads, and thermalite except
under certain restricted circumstances.
* You must have a federal LEUP to legally store rocket motors or reload
grains which contain more than 62.5 grams of propellant.
* You must comply with federal low explosives regulations when
transporting and storing Class B rocket motors.
* You must be 21 years of age to obtain an LEUP.
E. Other High Power Restrictions:
* You must be 'high power certified' to fly high power rockets.
* The NAR and Tripoli both have programs for obtaining high power
certification. You need to join one or both of these organizations if
you want to fly high power rockets.
* You must be at least 18 years of age to become high power certified.
-------------------------------------------------
1.4 I would like to get into Large Model Rockets. What are my options?
Who has NAR certified E, F and G motors today?

The following manufacturers currently have NAR certified E, F and G motors,
as indicated.

Motor Class Manufacturer Propellant Type

E Flight Systems, Inc. Black Powder
E Aerotech/Apogee Composite (ammonium perchlorate)
F Flight Systems, Inc. Black Powder
F Aerotech/Apogee Composite (ammonium perchlorate)
G Aerotech Composite (ammonium perchlorate)

There are 18, 21, 24, 27 and 29 mm diameter motors available. One
manufacturer (Aerotech) has reloadable motor casings for 18, 24, and
29 mm motors.

Several manufacturers sell rockets designed for E through G powered
flight. Refer to the previous list of addresses and get a few catalogs.
R.m.r readers have recommended kits from NCR, THOY, LOC, Aerotech,
Vaughn Brothers, and others. Look for the following
minimum features in E through G powered kits:
- plywood or fiber centering rings rather than paper or cardstock
- plywood, thick plastic, or G10 fins rather than balsa
- thicker motor tubes
- cloth rather than plastic parachutes
- thicker-walled body tubes

Remember to build these models stronger than smaller model rockets. Use
CA and epoxy rather than white or yellow glue. These rockets will
have to survive much higher stresses than smaller model rockets.
-------------------------------------------------
1.5 Is the proper term rocket 'engine' or rocket 'motor'?

I don't know. I don't really care. And neither should you! In this
document 'motor' and 'engine' are taken to mean the same thing and both
refer to "the thing in the rocket which makes it go 'whoosh!!' (or 'roar',
if flying high power :-)". If you want a sure way to start a fight with
a fellow rocketeer, just argue that whatever term he/she uses is the wrong
one.
-------------------------------------------------
1.6 What do the letters and numbers on a model rocket motor mean?

The NAR has developed a motors classification scheme which has been
mandated by NFPA 1122 and most state regulations. This system
specifies the motors total impulse class, average thrust, and ejection
charge delay. This is printed on any motors certified by the NAR.
the pieces are as follows, given the example:

E15-10W

The first letter indicates the power range, as specified in the table
below. The number to the left of the dash is the average thrust of
the motor, in newtons. The number to the right of the dash is the
approximate ejection delay in seconds starting at the time of motor
burnout. The final letter is an optional manufacturer designation
for motor or fuel type. Note that letter designating total impulse of
the motor specifies an impulse *range*, not an exact total impulse. For
example, there are G motors that have anywhere from 90 to 160 NS of total
impulse....an Aerotech G42 is rated at 90NS and a G40 is rated at 120NS.
Motors with more than either 62.5 grams of total propellant or have more
than 160NS of total impulse are considered High Power motors. You must
be certified to purchase and fly these motors. Soon, it may also become
necessary to have a license to store high power motors.

Andrew Mossberg (***@hypertek.com) recently posted this chart to
rmr, which includes approximate propellant weights for maximum impulse
motors for each class:

P
O
W Low High Low High 200 ISP Propellant
E Limit Limit Limit Limit Weight
R (NtSec) (NtSec) (lbsSec) (lbsSec) (grams) (lbs)
= ======= ======== ========= ========= ======== =======
A 1.26 2.5 0.28 0.56 1.3 0.0028
B 2.51 5.0 0.56 1.12 2.5 0.0056
C 5.01 10.0 1.13 2.25 5 0.0112
D 10.01 20.0 2.25 4.5 10 0.02
E 20.01 40.0 4.5 9 20 0.04
F 40.01 80.0 9 18 41 0.09
G 80.01 160.0 18 36 82 0.18
H 160.01 320.0 36 72 163 0.36
I 320.01 640.0 72 144 326 0.72
J 640.01 1,280.0 144 288 652 1.44
K 1280.01 2,560.0 288 575 1,305 2.88
L 2560.01 5,120.0 575 1,151 2,609 5.75
M 5120.01 10,240.0 1,151 2,301 5,219 11.5
N 10240.01 20,480.0 2,301 4,602 10,438 23.0
O 20480.01 40,960.0 4,602 9,204 20,875 46.0
P 40960.01 81,920.0 9,204 18,409 41,751 92.0

Currently, consumer rocketry stops at rockets with a total of no more
than 81,920NS of total impulse. Anything larger than that is by
definition an amateur rocket.
-------------------------------------------------
1.7 What is a CATO? Is it CATO pronounced KAY-TO or CAT-O?

The following definition has been posted to r.m.r. by Jack Hagerty,
(***@rml.com) editor of the excellent r.m.r Glossary. For even more
complete information on the term CATO, refer to the glossary.

A motor failure, generally explosive, where all the propellant
is burned in a much shorter time than planned. This can be
a nozzle blow-out (loud, but basically harmless), an end-cap
blow-out (where all of the pyrotechnic force blows FORWARD
which usually does a pretty good job of removing any internal
structure including the recovery system) or a casing rupture
which has unpredictable, but usually devastating, effects.
Another form of CATO is an ejection failure caused by either
the delay train failing to burn or the ejection charge not
firing, but the result is the same: the model prangs.

Opinions on the meaning of the acronym range widely. Some
say it's not an acronym at all, but simply a contraction of
'catastrophic' and should be pronounced 'Cat-o' (which sounds
better than 'cata' over PA systems :-). Others maintain that
it is an acronym but disagree on the meaning, offering a
broad spectrum of 'CAtastrophic Take Off,' 'Catastrophically
Aborted Take Off,' 'Catastrophe At Take Off' and the self
referential 'CATO At Take Off.' The acronym crowd pronounces
it 'Kay-Tow', like the Green Hornet's side kick. It has been
pointed out, though, that all of the above are 'post-hoc'
definitions since LCO's were using the term over range PA
systems long before any formal acronym was established.
-------------------------------------------------
1.8 When a consumer rocket motor fails (i.e., CATOs) does it explode or
detonate?

To be precise, consumer rocket motors do NOT 'detonate'. Black powder
rocket motors 'deflagrate'. Detonation involves the creation of super-
sonic shock waves. Use the term 'explode' when discussing CATOs involving
split motor casings, holes blown out the sides of models, etc.
-------------------------------------------------
1.9 Why don't I just make my own model rocket motors? Shouldn't I be able
to custom-make better, more powerful motors at a cheaper price?

This subject has been hotly debated on r.m.r. It is one of those
'emotional' subjects that find people either firmly for or against.

The bottom line is that rec.models.rockets is primarily a newsgroup for
discussing *consumer* rocketry (which covers model rocketry and high
power rocketry). Some amateur issues are discussed, but these are not
the primary focus of the group. Manufacturing your own rocket motors can
be a very dangerous thing to do, unless done properly, and with extreme
care. The odds are you will not make motors that are of any higher quality,
total impulse, reliability, or cost less than pre-manufactured consumer
rocket motors.

It is the opinion of the editor(s) of this FAQ that you should NOT try
to manufacture your own motors. If, however, you insist on partaking
in amateur rocketry, then the editor(s) of this FAQ urge you to get in
contact with an established amateur rocketry group for guidance and
assistance.
---------------------------------------
Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998 Wolfram von Kiparski, editor.
Refer to Part 00 for the full copyright notice.